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Hun Sen

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="Samdech" title="Samdech">Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hun Sen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style>ហ៊ុន សែន</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="President_of_the_Senate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate of Cambodia">President of the Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 3 April 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Prak_Sokhonn" title="Prak Sokhonn">Prak Sokhonn</a> (2024) Ouch Borith Thun Vathana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Say_Chhum" title="Say Chhum">Say Chhum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of Cambodia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 November 1998 – 22 August 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li><li>Norodom Sihamoni</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Sar_Kheng" title="Sar Kheng">Sar Kheng</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Hor_Namhong" title="Hor Namhong">Hor Namhong</a> (2004–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Tea_Banh" title="Tea Banh">Tea Banh</a> (2004–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Bin_Chhin" title="Bin Chhin">Bin Chhin</a> (2007–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Yim_Chhaily" title="Yim Chhaily">Yim Chhaily</a> (2008–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Men_Sam_An" title="Men Sam An">Men Sam An</a> (2008–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Ke_Kim_Yan" title="Ke Kim Yan">Ke Kim Yan</a> (2009–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Prak_Sokhonn" title="Prak Sokhonn">Prak Sokhonn</a> (2018–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Aun_Pornmoniroth" title="Aun Pornmoniroth">Aun Pornmoniroth</a> (2018–2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Chea_Sophara" title="Chea Sophara">Chea Sophara</a> (2018–2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ung_Huot" title="Ung Huot">Ung Huot</a> (as First Prime Minister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 January 1985 – 2 July 1993 Acting: 26 December 1984 – 14 January 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li><li><a href="Chea_Sim" title="Chea Sim">Chea Sim</a></li><li>Norodom Sihanouk</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Himself (1984–1985)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Bou_Thang" title="Bou Thang">Bou Thang</a> (1984–1992)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Chea_Soth" title="Chea Soth">Chea Soth</a> (1984–1992)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Sar_Kheng" title="Sar Kheng">Sar Kheng</a> (1984–1992)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a> (as Prime Minister of the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> (as First Prime Minister of Cambodia)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Second Prime Minister of Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 July 1993 – 30 November 1998</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Norodom Sihanouk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sar_Kheng" title="Sar Kheng">Sar Kheng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">First Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Norodom Ranariddh (1993–1997)</li><li>Ung Huot (1997–1998)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office restored</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Prime Minister)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Cambodian_People's_Party#List_of_party_leaders" title="Cambodian People's Party">President of the Cambodian People's Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 20 June 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Sar_Kheng" title="Sar Kheng">Sar Kheng</a></li><li><a href="Say_Chhum" title="Say Chhum">Say Chhum</a></li><li><a href="Tea_Banh" title="Tea Banh">Tea Banh</a></li><li><a href="Men_Sam_An" title="Men Sam An">Men Sam An</a></li><li>Hun Manet</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chea_Sim" title="Chea Sim">Chea Sim</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council of the King of Cambodia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 22 August 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Norodom Sihamoni</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Cambodia)#Ministers" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1988–1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kong_Korm" title="Kong Korm">Kong Korm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hor_Namhong" title="Hor Namhong">Hor Namhong</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 January 1979 – December 1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Pen_Sovan" title="Pen Sovan">Pen Sovan</a></li><li><a href="Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a></li><li>Himself</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kong_Korm" title="Kong Korm">Kong Korm</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia">Deputy Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1981–1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Pen_Sovann" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen Sovann">Pen Sovann</a></li><li><a href="Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a></li><li>Himself</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 June 1993 – 2 April 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kampong_Cham_(National_Assembly_constituency)" title="Kampong Cham (National Assembly constituency)">Kampong Cham</a> (1993–1998) <a href="Kandal_(National_Assembly_constituency)" title="Kandal (National Assembly constituency)">Kandal</a> (1998–2024)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hun Bunal</div> (1952-08-05) 5 August 1952 <a href="Peam_Kaoh_Sna" title="Peam Kaoh Sna">Peam Kaoh Sna</a>, <a href="Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham</a>, <a href="French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cambodian_People's_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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</style>1976)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Manet</a>, <a href="Hun_Manith" title="Hun Manith">Manith</a>, and <a href="Hun_Many" title="Hun Many">Many</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hun_Neang" title="Hun Neang">Hun Neang</a> Dee Yon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Public Administration (Vietnam)">(Vietnam) National Academy of Public Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Grand_Order_of_National_Merit" title="Grand Order of National Merit">Grand Order of National Merit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samdechhunsen.gov.kh">Official website</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">State of Cambodia</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> <a href="Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation</a> <a href="Kampuchean_People's_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Army</a> <a href="Kampuchean_People's_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cambodian People's Army</a> <a href="Royal_Cambodian_Army" title="Royal Cambodian Army">Royal Cambodian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1970–1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="General_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Army">General of the Army</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> – Eastern Region</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>  (<a href="Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> <a href="1997_Cambodian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">1997 Cambodian coup d'état</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<a href="Samdech" title="Samdech">Samdech</a> Hun Sen<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> (/hʊn sɛn/; <a href="Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: ហ៊ុន សែន, <a href="Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: Hŭn Sên [hun saen]; born 5 August 1952) is a Cambodian politician and former military officer who currently serves as the <a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_(Cambodia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Senate (Cambodia)">president of the Senate</a>. He previously served as the <a href="Prime_minister_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Cambodia">prime minister of Cambodia</a> from 1985 to 1993 and from 1998 to 2023.<a href="#cite_note-veconomist-5">[3]</a> Hun Sen is the longest-serving <a href="Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> in Cambodia's history.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> He is the president of the <a href="Cambodian_People's_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a> (CPP), which has governed Cambodia since 1979, and has served as a member of the <a href="Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Senate</a> since <a href="2024_Cambodian_Senate_election" title="2024 Cambodian Senate election">2024</a>. His full honorary title is Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen (<a href="Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: សម្តេច អគ្គមហាសេនាបតី តេជោ ហ៊ុន សែន [sɑmɗac ʔakkeaʔ mɔhaː senaː paɗəj tecoː hun saen]; meaning "Lord Prime Minister and Supreme Military Commander Hun Sen").<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a>

Born Hun Bunal,<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> he <a href="Nom-de-guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom-de-guerre">changed his name</a> to Hun Sen in 1972, two years after joining the <a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> as a soldier. He fought for the Khmer Rouge in the <a href="Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> and was a battalion commander in <a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> until <a href="Defection" title="Defection">defecting</a> in 1977 and fighting alongside Vietnamese forces in the <a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a>. From 1979 to 1986 and again from 1987 to 1990, he served as Cambodia's <a href="Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Cambodia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Cambodia)">foreign minister</a> in the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">puppet government installed by Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> At age 26, he was also the world's youngest foreign minister.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a>

Hun Sen rose to the premiership in January 1985 when the <a href="Kampuchean_People's_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">one-party</a> <a href="National_Assembly_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cambodia">National Assembly</a> appointed him to succeed <a href="Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a>, who had died in office in December 1984. He held the position until the <a href="1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 UN-backed elections</a> which resulted in a <a href="Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, with opposition party <a href="FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a> winning the majority of votes. Hun Sen refused to accept the result.<a href="#cite_note-:14-12">[9]</a> After negotiations with FUNCINPEC, <a href="Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> and Hun Sen agreed to simultaneously serve as First and Second Prime Minister, until the coalition broke down and Sen orchestrated a <a href="1997_Cambodian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">coup d'état in 1997</a> which toppled Ranariddh. Between 1998 and 2023, Hun Sen led the CPP to consecutive and often contentious <a href="Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">election</a> victories, overseeing <a href="Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">rapid economic growth</a> and development, but also <a href="Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">corruption</a>, <a href="Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">deforestation</a> and <a href="Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:92-16">[13]</a> In <a href="2013_Cambodian_general_election" title="2013 Cambodian general election">2013</a>, Hun Sen and the CPP were reelected with a significantly reduced majority amidst a <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">resurgent opposition</a>. Allegations of voter fraud and irregularities led to unprecedented <a href="2013%E2%80%9314_Cambodian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Cambodian protests">anti-government protests</a>. In <a href="2018_Cambodian_general_election" title="2018 Cambodian general election">2018</a>, he was elected to a sixth and final term in a largely unopposed poll after the Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, with the CPP winning every seat in the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> He led the country during the onset of the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and Cambodia's third chairmanship of <a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>; and, after the <a href="2023_Cambodian_general_election" title="2023 Cambodian general election">2023 election</a> formally announced his resignation as prime minister <a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">in favour of his son</a>, <a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> He remains as party leader and in <a href="2024_Cambodian_Senate_election" title="2024 Cambodian Senate election">2024</a>, was appointed president of the Senate, ensuring his continued influence over the country's politics.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a>

Hun Sen has been prominent in <a href="Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, <a href="Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a>, and now <a href="State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> and <a href="National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a> political parties, and although <a href="Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a> has been a consistent trait of all of them, he is thought to lack a core political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:22-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-21">[18]</a> He has been described as a "wily operator who destroys his political opponents" by <a href="The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> and as a dictator who has assumed highly centralized power in Cambodia and considerable personal wealth using violence and corruption,<a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> including a personal guard said to rival the country's regular army.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

Hun Sen was born on 5 August 1952,<a href="#cite_note-change-birthdate-28">[25]</a> in <a href="Peam_Kaoh_Sna" title="Peam Kaoh Sna">Peam Kaoh Sna</a>, <a href="Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham</a> as Hun Bunal (also called Hun Nal),<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[26]</a> the third of six children. His father, <a href="Hun_Neang" title="Hun Neang">Hun Neang</a>, had been a resident monk in a local <a href="Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a> in Kampong Cham province before defrocking himself to join the French resistance and marry Hun Sen's mother, Dee Yon, in the 1940s. Hun Neang's paternal grandparents were wealthy landowners of <a href="Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Chinese heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> His Chinese ancestry is at Zhuanshui Village, Tanjiang Town, <a href="Fengshun_County" title="Fengshun County">Fengshun County</a>.

Hun Neang inherited some of his family assets, including several hectares of land, and led a relatively comfortable life until a kidnapping incident forced their family to sell off much of their assets.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Hun Nal left his family at the age of 13 to attend a monastic school in <a href="Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>. At the time, he changed his name to Ritthi Sen or simply Sen; his prior given name, Nal, was often a nickname for overweight children.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[26]</a>

He graduated with a master in state administrative management from the <a href="National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Public Administration (Vietnam)">National Academy of Public Administration</a> of Vietnam.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career_and_entry_to_politics">Military career and entry to politics</h2></div>

When <a href="Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> <a href="Cambodian_coup_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian coup of 1970">removed Norodom Sihanouk from power</a> in 1970, Sen gave up his education to join the <a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> following <a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Sihanouk's</a> call to join the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> Sen also claims he was inspired to fight against foreign interference when his hometown of Memot was bombed by U.S. aircraft in <a href="Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a>. Sen claims he had no political opinions or ideology at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:23-34">[31]</a> As a soldier, he again changed his name, this time to Hun Samrach, to conceal his identity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[26]</a>

He changed his name to Hun Sen two years later, saying that the name Hun Samrach had been inauspicious and that he had been wounded several times during the period he had that name.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[26]</a> Sen rapidly ascended ranks as a soldier, and fought during the <a href="Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">fall of Phnom Penh</a>, becoming injured and being hospitalized for some time<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> and sustaining a permanent eye injury.<a href="#cite_note-Eye-35">[32]</a>

In <a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>, Sen served as a Battalion Commander in the Eastern Region, with authority over around 2000 men.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> The involvement or role of Sen in the <a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> is unclear, although he denies complicity.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <a href="Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> suggested he may have had a role in a <a href="Cambodian_genocide#Cham_Muslims" title="Cambodian genocide">massacre</a> to suppress <a href="Chams" title="Chams">Cham Muslim</a> unrest in September–October 1975, but Sen has denied this, claiming that he had stopped following orders from the central government by this time.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> Sen claims he had increasing disagreements with Khmer Rouge authorities in the administration throughout 1975–1977.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-34">[31]</a>

In 1977, during internal purges of the Khmer Rouge regime, Hun Sen and his battalion cadres fled to Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> During the <a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> as Vietnam prepared to invade Cambodia, Hun Sen became one of the leaders of the <a href="Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Vietnamese-sponsored rebel army</a>. He was given the secret name Mai Phúc<a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a> by Vietnamese leaders.

Following the defeat of the Khmer Rouge regime, Hun Sen was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the Vietnamese-installed <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea/State of Cambodia</a> (PRK/SOC) in 1979 at age 26.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a> The Vietnamese-appointed government appointed Sen some authority over the <a href="K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a>, a Khmer Rouge containment strategy that saw the mass mobilization of civilian labor in constructing barricades and <a href="Land_mines_in_Cambodia" title="Land mines in Cambodia">land mines</a>, although the extent of his involvement is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_appointment_as_prime_minister_(1985–1993)">First appointment as prime minister (1985–1993)</h2></div>

Hun Sen first rose to the <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">premiership</a> in January 1985 when the one-party National Assembly encouraged by politburo cadre <a href="Say_Phouthang" title="Say Phouthang">Say Phouthang</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> appointed him to succeed <a href="Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a>, who had died in office in December 1984. As the de facto leader of Cambodia, in 1985, he was elected as Chairman of the Council of Ministers and <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a>. Sen oversaw continuing conflict against several ongoing <a href="Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">insurgencies</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a>

In 1987, <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused Hun Sen's government of torturing thousands of political prisoners, using "electric shocks, hot irons and near-suffocation with plastic bags."<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_Peace_Talks_and_UNTAC_(1991–1993)">Paris Peace Talks and UNTAC (1991–1993)</h3></div>

As foreign minister and then prime minister, Hun Sen played a role in the <a href="1991_Paris_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Paris Peace Accords">1991 Paris Peace Talks</a>, which brokered peace in Cambodia and formally ended the <a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a>.

He held the position of prime minister during the <a href="United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)</a> until the <a href="1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 UN-sponsored elections</a>, which resulted opposition party <a href="FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a> winning the majority of votes with a <a href="Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Hun Sen and his party formally rejected the result.<a href="#cite_note-:12-43">[39]</a> With the support of much of the state apparatus, including the army and police, Hun Sen and his deputy <a href="Norodom_Chakrapong" title="Norodom Chakrapong">Norodom Chakrapong</a> threatened to lead the <a href="Samdech_Euv_Autonomous_Zone" title="Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone">secession of seven provinces</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-12">[9]</a> and CPP-backed forces committed violence against UN and FUNCINPEC forces<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a> although Sen distanced himself from the secessionist movement a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-:12-43">[39]</a> UNTAC and FUNCINPEC conceded a unique power sharing agreement with Hun Sen serving as Second Prime Minister alongside First Prime Minister <a href="Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-43">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-premiership_(1993–1997)">Co-premiership (1993–1997)</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1997_Cambodian_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Cambodian coup">1997 Cambodian coup</a></div>

In 1997, the coalition became unstable due to tensions between Ranariddh and Hun Sen. <a href="FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a> entered into discussions with the remaining Khmer Rouge rebels (with whom it <a href="National_United_Front_of_Kampuchea" title="National United Front of Kampuchea">had been allied</a> against Hun Sen's Vietnamese-backed government during the 1980s), with the aim of absorbing them into its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Kamm-45">[41]</a> Such a development would have altered the balance of military power between royalists and the CPP.

In response, Hun Sen launched the <a href="1997_Cambodian_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Cambodian Coup">1997 coup</a>, replacing Ranariddh with <a href="Ung_Huot" title="Ung Huot">Ung Huot</a> as the First Prime Minister and maintaining his position as the Second Prime Minister.

In an open letter, <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> condemned the <a href="Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> of FUNCINPEC ministers and the "systematic campaign of arrests and harassment" of political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-:6-46">[42]</a> <a href="Thomas_Hammarberg" title="Thomas Hammarberg">Thomas Hammarberg</a>, then Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Human Rights in Cambodia, strongly condemned the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_(1998–2023)">Prime Minister of Cambodia (1998–2023)</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cabinet_of_Hun_Sen" title="Cabinet of Hun Sen">Cabinet of Hun Sen</a></div>

In the <a href="1998_Cambodian_general_election" title="1998 Cambodian general election">1998 election</a>, he led the CPP to victory and forming a coalition with FUNCINPEC.

The <a href="2003_Cambodian_general_election" title="2003 Cambodian general election">elections of July 2003</a> resulted in a larger majority in the National Assembly for the CPP, with FUNCINPEC losing seats to the CPP and the <a href="Sam_Rainsy_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Rainsy Party">Sam Rainsy Party</a>. However, the CPP's majority was short of the two thirds constitutionally required for the CPP to form a government alone. This deadlock was overcome when a new CPP-FUNCINPEC coalition was formed in mid-2004, with <a href="Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> chosen to be head of the National Assembly and Hun Sen again becoming sole prime minister.

Sen has opposed extensive investigations and prosecutions related to crimes committed by former Khmer Rouge leaders by the UN-backed <a href="Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-21">[18]</a>

On 6 May 2013, Hun Sen declared his intention to rule Cambodia until the age of 74.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2014_protests">2013–2014 protests</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2013%E2%80%932014_Cambodian_protests" title="2013–2014 Cambodian protests">2013–2014 Cambodian protests</a></div>

After the <a href="2013_Cambodian_general_election" title="2013 Cambodian general election">July 2013 general elections</a> both Hun Sen and his opponents <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> claimed victory. In August, Hun Sen continued to pursue his aim of forming a new government.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Cambodians in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, with hundreds of Buddhist Monks, peacefully protested in front of the <a href="Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">United Nations</a> in New York City on 19 August in opposition to Hun Sen's deployment of military and security forces in Phnom Penh, his unwillingness to share political power with opposition groups and seriously address earlier voting fraud and election irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a>

One person was killed and others injured during protests in Phnom Penh in September 2013, where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, some clashing with riot police.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> Following two weeks of opposition protests, Hun Sen declared that he had been constitutionally elected and would not step down nor hold a new election.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a>

On 7 September 2013, tens of thousands of Cambodians, along with <a href="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks and opposition groups, including <a href="Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a>'s <a href="Cambodian_National_Rescue_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian National Rescue Party">Cambodian National Rescue Party</a> held mass demonstrations in <a href="Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> to protest the 28 July elections results which they claimed were flawed and marred by voting irregularities and potential fraud. The groups asked the United Nations to investigate and claimed that the elections results were not free and fair.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a>

On 3 January 2014, military police opened fire at protesters, killing 4 people and injuring more than 20.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> The United Nations and <a href="US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> condemned the violence.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> US Congressman <a href="Ed_Royce_(politician)" title="Ed Royce (politician)">Ed Royce</a> responded to the report of violence in Cambodia by calling for Hun Sen to step down, saying that the Cambodian people deserve a better leader.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power_(2015–_2023)">Consolidation of power (2015– 2023)</h3></div>

On 10 June 2014, Hun Sen made a public appearance and claimed he has no health problems. He warned that if he were to die prematurely, the country would spin out of control and the opposition could expect trouble from the <a href="Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">armed forces</a>, saying he is the only person who can control the army.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a>

In 2017, disputes occurred on the <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93Laos_border" title="Cambodia–Laos border">Cambodia–Laos border</a>, and Hun Sen called on the <a href="Lao_People's_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laotian army</a> to leave Cambodian territory.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a>

Following Hun Sen's orders, on 31 January 2017, the National Assembly voted unanimously to abolish the <a href="Minority_Leader_(Cambodia)" title="Minority Leader (Cambodia)">Minority Leader</a> and <a href="Majority_Leader_(Cambodia)" title="Majority Leader (Cambodia)">Majority Leader</a> positions to lessen the opposition party's influence.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> On 2 February 2017, Hun Sen barred the opposition from questioning some of his government ministers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Furthermore, Hun Sen vowed a <a href="Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> which later saw the opposition <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> This move led to the surprise resignation of opposition leader Sam Rainsy.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> The controversial law was passed on 20 February 2017, effectively granting the ruling party the right to dissolve political parties.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Opposition leader <a href="Kem_Sokha" title="Kem Sokha">Kem Sokha</a> was later arrested for treason.<a href="#cite_note-:7-67">[63]</a>

On 30 June 2018, weeks before the parliamentary elections, Hun Sen appointed his second eldest son, <a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a>, into higher military positions. Some analysts had speculated Manet may be a future candidate for Sen's position.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Hun Sen affirmed at the time that his son could become prime minister if elected rather than through direct handover, though he intends to rule until at least 2028.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a>

The <a href="2018_Cambodian_general_election" title="2018 Cambodian general election">2018 elections</a> were dismissed as <a href="Sham_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham election">sham elections</a> by the international community,<a href="#cite_note-dissolve-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> the opposition party having been dissolved.

Hun Sen blocked the return of exiled <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> leaders to Cambodia, including <a href="Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a> and <a href="Mu_Sochua" title="Mu Sochua">Mu Sochua</a>, in November 2019. He ordered the military to "attack" them on sight should they return,<a href="#cite_note-:27-72">[68]</a> threatened airlines with legal actions for allowing them to board, deployed thousands of troops to the Thai and Vietnamese borders, and requested other <a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> leaders arrest them and deport them to Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a>

In 2020, the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> suspended its <a href="Everything_but_Arms" title="Everything but Arms">Everything but Arms</a> preferential trade agreement with Cambodia due to concerns over <a href="Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">human rights violations</a> under Hun Sen's government.<a href="#cite_note-:16-15">[12]</a> Sen criticized the move as "biased" and "unfair", including at the <a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:20-74">[70]</a>

During the early stages of the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Hun Sen downplayed the risk of the <a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">virus</a> and declined to introduce preventative measures or evacuate Cambodian citizens from Wuhan during the initial <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">outbreak in China</a>. It was widely reported this was in an attempt to show solidarity with China, one of Cambodia's <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">closest diplomatic and economic allies</a>. Hun Sen visited China during the outbreak and offered to visit <a href="Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> specifically during its <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_lockdown_in_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Hubei">lockdown</a>. In February 2020, at a press conference, he criticized the media for sensationalizing the virus, and threatened to expel those present who were <a href="Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">wearing masks</a>. Hun Sen was also present to welcome passengers of the <a href="MS_Westerdam" title="MS Westerdam">MS Westerdam</a> <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">cruise ship</a> to dock in Sihanoukville, after it was turned away from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Cambodia started implementing preventative measures and travel restrictions from March 2020 as the pandemic spread globally.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a>

A new State of Emergency Law prepared in response to COVID-19 granted Hun Sen further powers to restrict movement and assembly, seize private property and enforce quarantine. The new law has been criticised by <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> for curbing human rights.<a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[20]</a>

Ultimately, the government's successful vaccination efforts and pandemic response were viewed by the Cambodian public as contributing to the perceived legitimacy and effectiveness of the government.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 30 A study conducted by IEAS found that more than 80% of those surveyed approved of the government response, with more than 25% strongly approving of the response.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 30

On 10 July 2023, Hun Sen warned Ukraine of using <a href="Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a>, saying "It would be the greatest danger for Ukrainians for many years or up to a hundred years if cluster bombs are used in Russian-occupied areas in the territory of Ukraine," Sen further cited his country's "painful experience" from the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> that has killed or maimed tens of thousands of Cambodians.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a>

Following controversy over the 23 July 2023 elections, the King confirmed that Hun Manet would succeed Hun Sen as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_and_land_issues">Corruption and land issues</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">Corruption in Cambodia</a></div>

Hun Sen and his family were estimated to have amassed between US$500 million and US$1 billion by <a href="Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> and a number of allies have also accumulated considerable personal wealth during his tenure.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-24">[21]</a>

Hun Sen implemented land reform, the "leopard skin land reform", in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[83]</a> Hun Sen's government has been responsible for leasing 45% of the total landmass in Cambodia—primarily to foreign investors—in the years 2007–08, threatening more than 150,000 Cambodians with eviction. Parts of the concessions are protected wildlife areas or <a href="National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and have driven <a href="Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">deforestation across the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:92-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> As of 2015, Cambodia had one of the highest rates of <a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">forest loss</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> The land sales have been perceived by observers as government corruption and have resulted in thousands of citizens being forcibly evicted.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> According to Alice Beban, the land reform strengthened <a href="Patronage_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronage politics">patronage politics</a> in Cambodia and did not enable land tenure security.<a href="#cite_note-:9-87">[83]</a>

Hun Sen was implicated in corruption related to Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources in the <a href="Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> 2009 report on Cambodia. He and his close associates were accused of carrying out secret negotiations with interested private parties, taking money from those who would be granted rights to exploit the country's resources in return. The credibility of this accusation has been challenged by government officials and especially Prime Minister Hun Sen, himself.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_issues">Human rights issues</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights in Cambodia</a></div>

Sen and the CPP were accused of orchestrating <a href="Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> during the <a href="1997_Cambodian_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Cambodian coup">1997 coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-46">[42]</a>

Hun Sen frequently calls for violence against his political opponents during seemingly irrelevant public events, often characterizing this as necessary to maintain peace and stability in Cambodia. In 2017, he said he would be prepared to "eliminate 100 or 200 people if they would destabilize the peace in Cambodia" while speaking at commemoration for his defection from the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> In 2019, as opposition party leaders prepared to return to the country, Sen ordered the military to "attack them wherever you see them—you don't need arrest warrants at all" while speaking at a graduation ceremony for exceptional high school students in Phnom Penh.<a href="#cite_note-:27-72">[68]</a> He also threatened the European Union if they withdrew a commercial deal: "If you want the opposition dead, do it. If you want it alive, don't do it and come and talk", although they did not give in.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> "We didn't pursue you because we didn't want to kill you at the time," Hun Sen said to opposition leader <a href="Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> although such death threats have not been implemented.

Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party (CPP) has banned public gatherings, driven opposition supporters from the site of former protest meetings 'Freedom Park', and deployed riot police to beat protesters and detain union leaders.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[24]</a>

Several Australian politicians, most prominently <a href="Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a> and <a href="Julian_Hill_(politician)" title="Julian Hill (politician)">Julian Hill</a>, have been highly critical of Sen and his government over human rights issues and have called for changes to <a href="Australia%E2%80%93Cambodia_relations" title="Australia–Cambodia relations">Australia–Cambodia relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a>

After the execution of 4 prisoners in July 2022 in Myanmar, Hun Sen warned to rethink the peace agreement if the regime continued to execute prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div>

Sen has frequently criticized Western powers such as the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and United States in response to their sanctions on Cambodia over human rights issues.<a href="#cite_note-:20-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In November 2023, he called for a <a href="Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war">ceasefire</a> in the <a href="Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a>, warning that "Without a ceasefire, Gaza will become the world’s largest massacre site."<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia–China relations</a> and <a href="Ream_Naval_Base" title="Ream Naval Base">Ream Naval Base</a></div>

Sen strengthened a close diplomatic and economic relationship with China, which has undertaken large-scale infrastructure projects and investments in Cambodia under the <a href="Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a>

During the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, China provided major assistance to the Hun Sen government's vaccination campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 29 As of early November 2021, China had sent more than 35 million vaccines to Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 29 China provided many of them free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 29 Vaccines provided by China accounted for more than 90% of total vaccines provided to Cambodia from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 29 China also provided other health care supplies as well as medical professionals to Cambodia during the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 30 In part thanks to Chinese contributions, Cambodia had the second-highest vaccination rate in Southeast Asia, despite having the second lowest per capita GDP in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-80">[76]</a>: 30

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Cambodia–Thailand relations">Cambodia–Thailand relations</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="2025_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis">2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis</a></div>

Sen oversaw a number of diplomatic disputes with neighboring <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Cambodia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-110">[106]</a>

The <a href="2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a> resulted in the ransacking of the Thai embassy in Cambodia, following false allegations that a Thai soap opera actress <a href="Suvanant_Punnakant" title="Suvanant Punnakant">Suvanant Punnakant</a> claimed that <a href="Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> belonged to Thailand. Sen called for a boycott of Thai goods and television shows and criticized the actress shortly before the riots. The riots and Sen's response severely damaged <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Cambodia–Thailand relations">Cambodia–Thailand relations</a>. Sen's Thai counterpart <a href="Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> closed the borders, expelled the Cambodian ambassador and evacuated Thai citizens from Phnom Penh in response. Thaksin also sent a warning to Hun Sen after witness reports suggested the army and police had not intervened until the embassy was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-:24-110">[106]</a> <a href="Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a> accused Sen of inciting the riot.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a>

From 2008 to 2013, the <a href="2008%E2%80%932013_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis" title="2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a> was an ongoing conflict, which on a number of occasions led to fighting between Cambodian and Thai forces. Sen and Thai premier <a href="Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> negotiated a de-escalation on several occasions with the encouragement of <a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Cambodia was granted sovereignty over the <a href="Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear Temple</a> area by a UN court in 2013, ending the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-:25-109">[105]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Cambodia-Myanmar_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia-Myanmar relations">Cambodia-Myanmar relations</a></div>

In his capacity as chairman of <a href="ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, Sen became the first foreign leader to visit Myanmar following the <a href="2021_Myanmar_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia–United States relations</a></div>

In November 2016, Hun Sen publicly endorsed US Republican presidential candidate <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> who went on to be elected president.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Senate_(2024–present)">President of the Senate (2024–present)</h2></div>

The Cambodian People's Party claimed an expected landslide victory in the <a href="2024_Cambodian_Senate_election" title="2024 Cambodian Senate election">2024 Senate election</a>, paving the way for Hun Sen to become its president when the new Senate convenes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> He resigned from his National Assembly seat on 2 April, allowing him to take his seat in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> The full Senate unanimously confirmed him as president on 3 April.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a>

Since May 2025, he has taken on a leading role in the Cambodian response to the <a href="2025_Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_border_conflict" title="2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict">border crisis with Thailand</a> which eventually led to border clashes in July 2025.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div>

In Cambodia, Hun Sen's core support base is from the majority of the population who reside in the countryside and work in the <a href="Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">agricultural</a> sector. He is less popular in urban centers like <a href="Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-20">[17]</a>

Hun Sen's leadership has received criticism from various organizations, media and foreign governments for <a href="Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">corruption</a>, <a href="Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>, <a href="Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, <a href="Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">human rights violations</a> and <a href="Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[7]</a> Hun Sen and his government was described by former Prime Minister of Singapore <a href="Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> in 2000 as "utterly merciless and ruthless, without humane feelings".<a href="#cite_note-:26-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Vietnamese_ties">Alleged Vietnamese ties</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cambodia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Cambodia–Vietnam relations">Cambodia–Vietnam relations</a></div>

Some political opponents of Hun Sen have criticized him for alleged ties to Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Sihanouk-122">[118]</a> <a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> once referred to him as a "one-eyed lackey of the Vietnamese",<a href="#cite_note-Sihanouk-122">[118]</a> with <a href="Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a> and members of the <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> later echoing similar sentiments during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-:21-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> This is due to his position in the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">puppet government installed by Vietnam</a> and prominence in figure in the <a href="People's_Revolutionary_Party_of_Kampuchea" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea">People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea</a>. <a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Anti-Vietnamese sentiment</a> and racism is common in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:21-123">[119]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_of_media">Control of media</h2></div>

Although Cambodia had relatively independent press during and immediately following the <a href="UNTAC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAC">UNTAC</a> era, Hun Sen and the <a href="Cambodian_People's_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">CPP</a> have since come to strictly control media in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:19-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[8]</a> This has more recently encompassed social media, which surpassed traditional media as a news source for Cambodians in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[122]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television,_radio,_and_newspapers">Television, radio, and newspapers</h3></div>

<a href="Bayon_Television" title="Bayon Television">Bayon Television</a> is owned and operated by Hun Mana, Hun Sen's eldest daughter. Apsara TV is joint-owned by <a href="Say_Sam_Al" title="Say Sam Al">Say Sam Al</a>, CPP Minister of Environment and son of <a href="Say_Chhum" title="Say Chhum">Say Chhum</a>, CPP secretary and the son of CPP Deputy Prime Minister <a href="Sok_An" title="Sok An">Sok An</a>. CTN, CNC and MyTV are all owned by Khmer-Chinese tycoon, <a href="Kith_Meng" title="Kith Meng">Kith Meng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a>

CPP officials claim that there is no connection between the TV stations and the state. However, CPP lawmaker and official spokesman Cheam Yeap once stated "We pay for that television [coverage] by buying broadcasting hours to show our achievements".<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a>

A demand for television and radio licenses was one of 10 opposition requests adopted by the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) at its "People's Congress" in October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a>

Radio stations were banned from broadcasting <a href="Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> and <a href="Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> in August 2017. The country's most prominent independent newspaper <a href="Cambodia_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia Daily">Cambodia Daily</a> was closed on 4 September 2017, a day after the main opposition leader <a href="Kem_Sokha" title="Kem Sokha">Kem Sokha</a> was arrested for treason.<a href="#cite_note-:7-67">[63]</a> <a href="The_Phnom_Penh_Post" title="The Phnom Penh Post">The Phnom Penh Post</a>, another widely circulated independent newspaper, was sold to a Malaysian investor with ties to Hun Sen in 2018, which undermined its independence and aligned it closer to the government.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-125">[121]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media_and_suspension_from_Facebook">Social media and suspension from Facebook</h3></div>

Facebook and the internet became widely used in Cambodia during the 2010s. It is thought that its adoption by the <a href="Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> played a role in the party's gains in the <a href="2013_Cambodian_general_election" title="2013 Cambodian general election">2013 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[122]</a>

In the mid-2010s, Hun Sen and the <a href="Cambodian_People's_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a> became enthusiastic users of Facebook. Hun Sen declared in February 2016 they had become an "electronic government" and regularly posted and livestreams of speeches, announcements, and selfies to million of followers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> In 2017, Hun Sen's official page was the eighth-most liked Facebook page of any world leader<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[122]</a> and as of December 2020 was the most liked Facebook page in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a>

Facebook activity in Cambodia is monitored by the authorities, and criticism of the government and prime minister on Facebook has led to several arrests in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Cambodia has also prosecuted women who post images of themselves wearing revealing clothing on Facebook, with Hun Sen saying it is "a violation of culture and tradition" and invites sexual harassment.<a href="#cite_note-:18-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized this speech, characterizing it as "<a href="Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">victim blaming</a>" and contributing to violence against women.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-136">[132]</a>

On 29 June 2023, Hun Sen deleted his Facebook account, which had approximately 14 million followers, hours after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oversightboard.com/news/656303619335474-oversight-board-overturns-meta-s-decision-in-cambodian-prime-minister-case/">Meta's oversight board</a> ruled that he should face a six-month ban from the platform over a video post in which he threatened to have opponents beaten.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> On the following day, 30 June 2023, the Cambodian Ministry of Post and Telecommunications announced they would deport a Meta representative immediately and Cambodia would cease all cooperation with the company, attributing the move to an abundance of fake accounts, data risks, and lack of transparency.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> On 4 July 2023, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that all of Meta's Oversight Board's 22 members were "persona non-grata", barring them from entering the country because "[t]he recommendation of the Oversight Board to Meta Platforms Inc. to temporarily suspend the official Facebook page belonging to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen is political in nature. It intends to obstruct the freedom of the press for the citizens of Cambodia and the right to receive credible news from a leader whom they support and admire."<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

Hun Sen is married to <a href="Bun_Rany" title="Bun Rany">Bun Rany</a>. They have 6 children, including one adopted daughter: Kamsot (deceased), <a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Manet</a>, Mana, <a href="Hun_Manith" title="Hun Manith">Manith</a>, <a href="Hun_Mani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun Mani">Mani</a> and Mali. The couple also adopted a daughter (who is not named in news media sources) in 1988, but they legally disowned her in 2007 for being lesbian.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> In 2010, Manet was promoted Major General in the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) and became the Deputy Commander of the Prime Minister's Body Guard headquarters. All three of Hun Sen's sons play big roles in his government.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> His older brother, Hun Neng, was a governor of <a href="Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham</a> and a member of parliament.

Hun Sen is fluent in <a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, in addition to his native <a href="Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>. Hun Sen also speaks some English after beginning to learn the language in the 1990s, but usually converses in Khmer through interpreters when giving formal interviews to the English-speaking media.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a>

Hun Sen is blind in one eye because of an injury he sustained during the 1975 <a href="Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">fall of Phnom Penh</a> while fighting for the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-Eye-35">[32]</a> He is fitted with a Japanese made artificial eye, which is regularly replaced by Japanese doctors.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a>

Hun Sen is a <a href="Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhist</a>. He has made major donations for the renovation of numerous pagodas, including <a href="Wat_Vihear_Suor" title="Wat Vihear Suor">Wat Vihear Suor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a>

Until June 2022, Hun Sen has used 4 April 1951 as his legal birthdate even if he was actually born on 5 August 1952.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-change-birthdate-28">[25]</a> He had it changed due to a Cambodian superstition relating to having wrong legal birthdates causing conflict with the <a href="Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. A lot of Cambodians use two birthdates due to losing their birth certificates during the <a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> era of the 1970s. Hun Sen had it changed for believing the death of his brother in May 2022 due to a cardiac arrest was related to this superstition since he also had an incorrect birth date.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div>

National Orders:

<ul><li> <a href="Grand_Order_of_National_Merit" title="Grand Order of National Merit">Grand Order of National Merit</a> (1996)</li>

<li> Grand Cross of the <a href="Royal_Order_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Order of Cambodia">Royal Order of Cambodia</a></li>

<li> Grand Cross of the <a href="Royal_Order_of_Sowathara" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Sowathara">Royal Order of Sowathara</a></li>

<li> Grand Cross of the <a href="Royal_Order_of_Monisaraphon" title="Royal Order of Monisaraphon">Royal Order of Monisaraphon</a></li>

<li> Sena Jayaseddh Medal</li>

<li> Medal of National Defense, with 2 gold stars</li>

<li> Medal of National Defense, with 2 silver stars</li>

<li> Medal of National Defense, with 2 bronze stars</li>

<li> Medal of Labour</li>

<li> National Construction Decoration</li></ul>

Foreign Orders:

<ul><li>Brunei:

<ul><li> Recipient of the Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal (2017)<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cuba:

<ul><li> Recipients of the <a href="Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (1999)<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Laos:

<ul><li> <a href="National_Gold_Medal_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gold Medal (Laos)">Gold Medal of the Nation</a> (2008)<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></li>

<li> Order of Phoxay Lane Xang (2023)<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Philippines:

<ul><li> Grand Cross (Datu) of the <a href="Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Order of Sikatuna</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia:

<ul><li> Recipients of the <a href="Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Thailand:

<ul><li> Knight Special Grand Cordon of the <a href="Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a> (2001)<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Ukraine:

<ul><li> Member 3rd Class of the <a href="Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a> (Awarded by <a href="Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>, 30 December 2022)<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Modern_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics of Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From 1985 to 1989 as <a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>, from 1989 to 1993 of the <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a> and from 1993 to 2023 of the Kingdom of Cambodia.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> In this <a href="Cambodian_name" title="Cambodian name">Cambodian name</a>, the <a href="Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Hun. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the <a href="Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Sen.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: ហ៊ុន ប៊ុនណាល់, <a href="Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: Hŭn Bŭnnăl; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>Khmer pronunciation: [hun ɓunnal]

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Means "forever happiness".

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia#Further_reading" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Foreign relations of Cambodia § Further reading</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Becker_(journalist)" title="Elizabeth Becker (journalist)">Elizabeth Becker</a>. 1986, 1998. When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge. New York: Public Affairs. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-891620-00-2</bdi></li>

<li>Chandler, David. The Tragedy of Cambodian History: Politics, War, and Revolution since 1945 (Yale UP, 1991)</li>

<li>Ciorciari, John D. "Cambodia in 2019: Backing Further into a Corner." Asian Survey 60.1 (2020): 125–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~johncior/files/2020%20(Cambodia%20in%202019).pdf">online</a></li>

<li>Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf">full book online free</a>.

<ul><li>Path Kosal, "Introduction: Cambodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Harish_C._Mehta" title="Harish C. Mehta">Harish C. Mehta</a> and <a href="Julie_B._Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie B. Mehta">Julie B. Mehta</a>. 1999. Hun Sen: Strongman of Cambodia. Singapore: Graham Brash Pte Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>981-218-074-5</bdi></li>

<li>Peou, Sorpong. "Cambodia in 2018: a year of setbacks and successes." Southeast Asian Affairs 2019.1 (2019): 104–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/722676/summary">online</a></li>

<li>Strangio, Sebastian. Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond (2020)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024155400/http://www.cnv.org.kh/personInfo/biography_of_hun_sen.htm">Biography of Hun Sen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnv.org.kh/">Cambodia New Vision ~ newsletter of cabinet of Cambodia's Prime Ministerial office</a></li>

<li>Alain Forest (2008), Cambodge contemporain, Indes Savantes, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2846541930</bdi> (in French)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hun_Sen" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cambodia&#124;link=Cambodia_Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia_(list)702" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia"></a> <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime ministers of Cambodia</a> (<a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li>

<li><a href="Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French Protectorate</a> (1945–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sisowath_Monireth" title="Sisowath Monireth">Sisowath Monireth</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisowath_Youtevong" title="Sisowath Youtevong">Sisowath Youtevong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisowath_Watchayavong" title="Sisowath Watchayavong">Sisowath Watchayavong</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhean_Vam" title="Chhean Vam">Chhean Vam</a></li>

<li><a href="Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Yem_Sambaur" title="Yem Sambaur">Yem Sambaur</a></li>

<li><a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisowath_Monipong" title="Sisowath Monipong">Sisowath Monipong</a></li>

<li><a href="Oum_Chheang_Sun" title="Oum Chheang Sun">Oum Chheang Sun</a></li>

<li><a href="Huy_Kanthoul" title="Huy Kanthoul">Huy Kanthoul</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> (1953–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li>

<li><a href="Leng_Ngeth" title="Leng Ngeth">Leng Ngeth</a></li>

<li><a href="Pho_Proeung" title="Pho Proeung">Pho Proeung</a></li>

<li><a href="Nhiek_Tioulong" title="Nhiek Tioulong">Nhiek Tioulong</a>*</li>

<li><a href="Chau_Sen_Cocsal_Chhum" title="Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum">Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum</a>*</li>

<li><a href="Norodom_Kantol" title="Norodom Kantol">Norodom Kantol</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> (1970–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></li>

<li><a href="Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Boret" title="Long Boret">Long Boret</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> (1975–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>*</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> and <a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a> (1979–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pen_Sovan" title="Pen Sovan">Pen Sovan</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> (1993–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a></li>

<li><a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>*acting</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cambodia&#124;link=Cambodia_Cabinet_of_Cambodia202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cambodia&#124;link=Cambodia_Cabinet_of_Cambodia202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia"></a> <a href="Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet of Cambodia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aun_Pornmoniroth" title="Aun Pornmoniroth">Aun Pornmoniroth</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangchuon_Naron" title="Hangchuon Naron">Hangchuon Naron</a></li>

<li><a href="Neth_Savoeun" title="Neth Savoeun">Neth Savoeun</a></li>

<li><a href="Prak_Sokhonn" title="Prak Sokhonn">Prak Sokhonn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sar_Sokha" title="Sar Sokha">Sar Sokha</a></li>

<li><a href="Sok_Chenda_Sophea" title="Sok Chenda Sophea">Sok Chenda Sophea</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Chanthol" title="Sun Chanthol">Sun Chanthol</a></li>

<li><a href="Tea_Seiha" title="Tea Seiha">Tea Seiha</a></li>

<li><a href="Vongsey_Vissoth" title="Vongsey Vissoth">Vongsey Vissoth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Bin Trochhey</li>

<li>Cham Nimol</li>

<li>Chay Borin</li>

<li>Chea Somethy</li>

<li>Chea Vandeth</li>

<li>Chhay Rithysen</li>

<li>Chheang Ra</li>

<li>Eang Phalleth</li>

<li>Hem Vanndy</li>

<li><a href="Ing_Kantha_Phavi" title="Ing Kantha Phavi">Ing Kantha Phavi</a></li>

<li><a href="Keo_Rattanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Keo Rattanak">Keo Rattanak</a></li>

<li>Mao Havanall</li>

<li>Neth Pheaktra</li>

<li>Peng Pothinea</li>

<li><a href="Phoeurng_Sackona" title="Phoeurng Sackona">Phoeurng Sackona</a></li>

<li>Sok Soken</li>

<li>Thor Chetha</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1586" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1586" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109929666">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/81813603">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/440195">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjcMqCvjB7QKmmvMQ6rq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137649045">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99033779">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20060331005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p216923220">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548006805606">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137649045">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08339866X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kh3j75">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/6dc6f72b-52c2-4b98-b22d-4f2c9d4029f4">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Hun_Sen&oldid=1304356881">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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